Description
Educational Research: Planning, Conducting, and Evaluating Quantitative and Qualitative Research 6th Edition, ISBN-13: 978-0134519364
[PDF eBook eTextbook]
- Publisher: Pearson; 6th edition (February 16, 2018)
- Language: English
- 672 pages
- ISBN-10: 0134519361
- ISBN-13: 978-0134519364
A practical, step-by-step core research text that balances coverage of qualitative, quantitative and combined methods.
Educational Research: Planning, Conducting, and Evaluating Quantitative and Qualitative Research offers a truly balanced, inclusive, and integrated overview of the processes involved in educational research. This text first examines the general steps in the research process and then details the procedures for conducting specific types of quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods studies. Direct guidance on reading research is offered throughout the text, and features provide opportunities for practice.
Throughout the 6th Edition, examples are now drawn from a broad range of fields, including program evaluation, multicultural research, counseling, school psychology, and learning and cognition. In addition, enhanced coverage incorporates the latest technology-based strategies and online tools, and more information about single-subject research methods.
Table of Contents:
Educational Research
Educational Research Planning, Conducting, and Evaluating Quantitative and Qualitative Research
Preface
New to the Sixth Edition
The Philosophy of the Text
Key Features
Supplementary Materials
Brief Contents
Detailed Contents
Educational Research
Part 1 An Introduction to Educational Research
1 The Process of Conducting Research Using Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches
A Definition of Research and Its Importance
Research Adds to Our Knowledge
Research Improves Practice
Research Informs Policy Debates
Several Problems with Research Today
The Six Steps in The Process of Research
Identifying a Research Problem
Reviewing the Literature
Specifying a Purpose for Research
Collecting Data
Analyzing and Interpreting the Data
Reporting and Evaluating Research
The Characteristics of Quantitative and Qualitative Research in Each of The Six Steps
Quantitative Research Characteristics
Qualitative Research Characteristics
Similarities and Differences between Quantitative and Qualitative Research
Research Designs Associated with Quantitative and Qualitative Research
Experimental Designs
Correlational Designs
Survey Designs
Grounded Theory Designs
Ethnographic Designs
Narrative Research Designs
Mixed Methods Designs
Action Research Designs
Important Ethical Issues in Conducting Research
Institutional Review Boards
Professional Associations
Ethical Practices throughout the Research Process
Some Ethical Issues in Data Collection
Some Ethical Issues in Data Reporting
Skills Needed to Design and Conduct Research
Solving Puzzles
Lengthening Your Attention Span
Learning to Use Library Resources
Writing, Editing, and More Writing
Key Ideas in the Chapter
The Definition and Importance of Educational Research
The Six Steps in the Process of Research
The Characteristics of Quantitative and Qualitative Research
The Types of Research Designs Associated with Quantitative and Qualitative Research
The Important Ethical Issues
The Skills Needed to Design and Conduct Research
Motivation of Parent Involvement in Secondary-Level Schooling
Influences on Parent Involvement
Parents’ Role Construction
Parents’ Self-Efficacy for Helping Children Succeed in School
Parents’ Perceptions of Teacher Invitations
Parents’ Perceptions of Student Invitations
Method
Participants
Measures
Procedures
Results
Predicting Parent Involvement
Parent Involvement at Home for Seventh-Grade Students
Parent Involvement at Home for Eighth-Grade Students
Parent Involvement at Home for Ninth-Grade Students
Parent Involvement at School for Seventh-Grade Students
Parent Involvement at School for Eighth-Grade Students
Parent Involvement at School for Ninth-Grade Students
Discussion
Parent Involvement at Home
Parent Involvement at School
Implications and Limitations
Conclusions
Notes
References
School Principals’ Influence on Trust: Perspectives of Mothers of Children with Disabilities
Trust and School Leaders
Purpose of the Study
Method
Research Design
Participants
Interviews
Data Analysis
Confirmability
Limitations and Scope of the Study
Results
Principal Attributes
Principal Actions
Discussion
Principals’ Influence on Trust
Facets of Trust
Functions of Leadership
Conclusion
References
Authors’ Note
Appendix
Trust Study Interview Questions
Part 2 The Steps in the Process of Research
2 Identifying a Research Problem
What is a Research Problem, and Why is It Important?
How Does the Research Problem Differ from Other Parts of Research?
Can and Should Problems be Researched?
Can You Gain Access to People and Sites?
Can You Find Time, Locate Resources, and Use Your Skills?
Time
Resources
Skills
Should the Problem Be Researched?
How Does the Research Problem Differ in Quantitative and Qualitative Research?
How do You Write a “Statement of the Problem” Section?
The Topic
The Research Problem
Justification of the Importance of the Problem
Justification in the Literature Based on Other Researchers and Experts
Justification Based on Workplace or Personal Experiences
Deficiencies in What We Know
The Audience
What are Some Strategies for Writing the “Statement of the Problem” Section?
A Template
Other Writing Strategies
Examples of “Statement of the Problem” Sections
Reexamining the Parent Involvement and the Mothers’ Trust in School Principals Studies
Key Ideas in the Chapter
Define a Research Problem and Explain Its Importance
Distinguish between a Research Problem and Other Parts of Research
Criteria for Deciding Whether a Problem Can and Should Be Researched
The Difference between Quantitative and Qualitative Research Problems
The Five Elements of a “Statement of the Problem” Section
Strategies Useful in Writing the “Statement of the Problem” Section
3 Reviewing the Literature
What is a Literature Review, and Why is It Important?
How Does the Literature Review Differ for Quantitative and Qualitative Studies?
What are the Six Steps in Conducting a Literature Review?
Identify Key Terms
Locate Literature
Use Academic Libraries
Use Both Primary and Secondary Sources
Search Different Types of Literature
Summaries
Encyclopedias
Dictionaries and Glossaries of Terms
Handbooks
Statistical Indexes
Reviews and Syntheses
Books
Journals, Indexed Publications, and Electronic Sources
Abstract Series
Databases
General Databases
Discipline-Specific Databases
Early-Stage Literature
Utilize Reference Management Software
Critically Evaluate and Select the Literature
Is It a Good, Accurate Source?
Is It Relevant?
Organize the Literature
Reproducing, Downloading, and Filing
Taking Notes and Abstracting Studies
Synthesize the Literature
Constructing a Literature Map
Write a Literature Review
Using a Style Manual
End-of-Text References
Within-Text References
Levels of Headings
Writing Strategies
Extent of the Review
Types of Literature Reviews
Concluding Statement of the Review
Reexamining The Parent Involvement and The Mothers’ Trust in Principals Studies
Literature Review Analysis in a Quantitative Study
Literature Review Analysis in a Qualitative Study
Key Ideas in the Chapter
What Is a Review of the Literature, and Why Is It Important?
The Six Steps in Conducting a Literature Review
4 Specifying a Purpose and Research Questions or Hypotheses
What Are Purpose Statements, Research Questions, Hypotheses, and Objectives?
The Purpose Statement
Research Questions
Hypotheses
Research Objectives
Why Are These Statements and Questions Important?
How Do You Design Quantitative Purpose Statements, Research Questions, and Hypotheses?
Specify Variables
Distinguish between Variables Measured as Categories and as Continuous Scores
Distinguish Variables from Constructs
The Family of Variables
Dependent Variables
Independent Variables
Additional Forms of Independent Variables
Control Variables
Treatment Variables
Moderating Variables
Mediating Variables
An Unmeasured Influence in the Family of Variables
Theories and Testing of Variables
Writing Quantitative Purpose Statements
Guidelines
Sample Scripts
Writing Quantitative Research Questions
Guidelines
Descriptive Questions
Relationship Questions
Comparison Questions
Writing Quantitative Hypotheses
Guidelines
Null Hypotheses
Alternative Hypotheses
How Do You Design Qualitative Purpose Statements and Research Questions?
Differentiating between Quantitative and Qualitative Purpose Statements and Research Questions
The Central Phenomenon in Qualitative Research
Emerging Processes in Qualitative Research
Writing Qualitative Purpose Statements
Guidelines
Sample Script
Writing Qualitative Research Questions
Guidelines
The Central Question
A Sample Script
Subquestions
Issue Subquestions
Procedural Subquestions
Distinguishing Qualitative Research Questions from Data Collection Questions
Reexamining the Parent Involvement and Mothers’ Trust in Principals Studies
Key Ideas in the Chapter
Distinguish among Purpose Statements, Research Questions, Hypotheses, and Objectives
Know Why These Statements and Questions Are Important
Write Quantitative Purpose Statements, Research Questions, and Hypotheses
Write Qualitative Purpose Statements and Research Questions
5 Collecting Quantitative Data
Five Steps in the Process of Data Collection
What Participants Will You Study?
Identify Your Unit of Analysis
Specify the Population and Sample
Probability Sampling Approaches
Simple Random Sampling
Systematic Sampling
Stratified Sampling
Multistage Cluster Sampling
Nonprobability Sampling Approaches
Convenience Sampling
Snowball Sampling
Sample Size
What Permissions Will You Need?
Obtain Different Types of Permissions
Obtain Informed Consent
Review Board Approval
Process of Obtaining Approval from Review Boards
What Are Your Options for Collecting Information?
Specify Variables from Research Questions and Hypotheses
Operationally Define Each Variable
Choose Types of Data and Measures
Performance Measures
Attitudinal Measures
Behavioral Observations
Factual Information
Digital Methods of Data Collection
How to Decide What Types to Choose
What Instrument Will You Use to Collect Data?
Locate or Develop an Instrument
Search for an Instrument
Criteria for Choosing a Good Instrument
Are Scores on Past Use of the Instrument Reliable and Valid?
Reliability
Validity
Evidence Based on Test Content
Evidence Based on Response Processes
Evidence Based on Internal Structure
Evidence Based on Relations to Other Variables
Evidence Based on the Consequences of Testing
Do the Instrument’s Data-Recording Procedures Fit the Research Questions/Hypotheses?
Are Adequate Scales of Measurement Used?
Nominal Scales
Ordinal Scales
Interval/Ratio Scales
Combined Scales
How Will You Administer the Data Collection?
Standardization
Ethical Issues
Reexamining the Quantitative Parent Involvement Study
Key Ideas in the Chapter
State the Five Steps in the Process of Quantitative Data Collection
Identify How to Select Participants for a Study
Identify the Permissions Needed for a Study
List Different Options for Collecting Information
Locate, Select, and Assess an Instrument(s) for Use in Data Collection
Describe Procedures for Administering Quantitative Data Collection
6 Analyzing and Interpreting Quantitative Data
What Are the Steps in the Process of Quantitative Data Analysis?
How Do You Prepare the Data for Analysis?
Score the Data
Determine the Types of Scores to Analyze
Single-Item Scores
Summed Scores
Difference Scores
Select a Statistical Program
Input Data
Clean and Account for Missing Data
Cleaning the Database
Assessing the Database for Missing Data
How Do You Analyze the Data?
Conduct Descriptive Analysis
Choosing a Descriptive Statistics Test
Measures of Central Tendency
Measures of Variability
Conduct Inferential Analysis
Hypothesis Testing
Potential Errors in Outcomes
Avoiding Multiple Comparisons
Estimating Using Confidence Intervals
Determining Effect Size
How Do You Report the Results?
Tables
Figures
Present Results
How Do You Interpret the Results?
Summarize the Major Results
Explain Why the Results Occurred
Advance Limitations
Suggest Future Research
Reexamining Data Analysis and Interpretation in the Parent Involvement Study
Key Ideas in the Chapter
Identify the Steps in the Process of Analyzing and Interpreting Quantitative Data
Preparing Your Data for Analysis
Analyzing the Data
Reporting the Results
Interpreting the Results
7 Collecting Qualitative Data
What Are the Five Process Steps in Qualitative Data Collection?
What Are the Different Purposeful Sampling Approaches for Selecting Participants and Sites?
Purposeful Sampling
Maximal Variation Sampling
Extreme Case Sampling
Typical Sampling
Theory or Concept Sampling
Homogeneous Sampling
Critical Sampling
Opportunistic Sampling
Snowball Sampling
Confirming and Disconfirming Sampling
Sample Size or Number of Research Sites
What Types of Permissions Will Be Required to Gain Access to Participants and Sites?
Seek Institutional Review Board Approval
Gatekeepers
What Types of Qualitative Data Will You Collect?
Observations
Observational Roles
Role of a Participant Observer
Role of a Nonparticipant Observer
Changing Observational Roles
The Process of Observing
Interviews
Types of Interviews and Open-Ended Questions on Questionnaires
One-on-One Interviews
Focus Group Interviews
Telephone Interviews
Web-Based Video Interviews
E-Mail Interviews
Open-Ended Questions on Questionnaires
Conducting Interviews
Documents
Collecting Documents
Audiovisual Materials
Collecting Audiovisual Materials
What Procedures Will Be Used to Record Data?
Using Protocols
An Interview Protocol
Development and Design of an Interview Protocol
An Observational Protocol
Development and Design of an Observational Protocol
What Field and Ethical Issues Need to Be Anticipated?
Field Issues
Ethical Issues
Revisiting the Mothers’ Trust in Principals Qualitative Study
Key Ideas in the Chapter
Five Process Steps in Collecting Data
Sampling Approaches to Selecting Participants and Sites
Permissions Required to Gain Access
Various Types of Qualitative Data to Collect
Procedures for Recording Data
Field Issues and Ethical Considerations in Data Collection
8 Analyzing and Interpreting Qualitative Data
What Are the Six Steps in Analyzing and Interpreting Qualitative Data?
How Do You Prepare and Organize the Data for Analysis?
Organize Data
Transcribe Data
Analyze by Hand or Computer
Use of Qualitative Data Analysis Software Programs
Procedures for Using Qualitative Data Analysis Software
Basic Features of Qualitative Software
Specific Programs Available
How Do You Explore and Code the Data?
Explore the General Sense of the Data
Code the Data
How Do You Use Codes to Build Description and Themes?
Description
Themes
Layering and Interrelating Themes
Layering Themes
Interrelating Themes
How Do You Represent and Report Findings?
Representing Findings
Reporting Findings
How Do You Interpret Findings?
Summarize Findings
Convey Personal Reflections
Make Comparisons to the Literature
Offer Limitations and Suggestions for Future Research
How Do You Validate the Accuracy of Your Findings?
Reexamining Qualitative Data Analysis in the Mothers’ Trust in Principals Case Study
Key Ideas in the Chapter
Six Steps in the Process of Analyzing and Interpreting Qualitative Data
Prepare and Organize the Data for Analysis
Explore and Code the Data
Coding to Build Description and Themes
Represent and Report Qualitative Findings
Interpret the Findings
Validate the Accuracy of the Findings
9 Reporting and Evaluating Research
What Is a Research Report, and What Are Its Types?
What Audience Will Receive the Report?
What Are the Types of Research Reports?
Dissertations and Theses
Dissertation and Thesis Proposals
Quantitative and Qualitative Dissertation and Thesis Proposals
Journal Articles
Conference Papers and Proposals
Sample Guidelines for Conference Proposals
Report for Policymakers or School Personnel
How Should You Structure Your Report?
Look at the Physical Structure of Research Reports
Design an Appropriate Quantitative Structure
Design an Appropriate Qualitative Structure
How Do You Write in a Sensitive, Ethical, and Scholarly Way?
Use Language That Reduces Bias
Encode Scholarly Terms into Your Research
Use Ethical Reporting and Writing of Research Results
Use an Appropriate Point of View
Balance Your Research and Content
Interconnect Sections for Consistency
Advance a Concise Title
How Do You Evaluate the Quality of Your Research?
Employ Appropriate Standards
Quantitative Standards
Qualitative Standards
Evaluate with a Process Approach
Reexamining the Parent Involvement and Mothers’ Trust in Principals Studies
Key Ideas in the Chapter
The Purpose of a Research Report and Its Types
How to Structure Your Research Report
Sensitive, Ethical, and Scholarly Writing Practices
Criteria for Evaluating a Research Report
Useful Information for Consumers of Research
Part 3 Research Designs
10 Experimental Designs
What Is an Experiment, When Should You Use It, and How Did It Develop?
When Do You Use an Experiment?
Making Causal Inferences
When Did Experiments Develop?
What Are Key Characteristics of Experiments?
Random Assignment
Control over Extraneous Variables
Pretests and Posttests
Covariates
Matching of Participants
Homogeneous Samples
Blocking Variables
Manipulating Treatment Conditions
Treatment Variables
Intervening in the Treatment Conditions
Outcome Measures
Group Comparisons
Threats to Validity
Threats to Internal Validity
Threats to External Validity
What Are the Types of Experimental Designs?
Between-Group Designs
True Experiments
Quasi-Experiments
Causal-Comparative Research
Factorial Designs
Within-Group or Individual Designs
Time Series
Repeated Measures
Single-Subject Designs
A-B Design
Multiple-Baseline Design
Alternating Treatments
Replication
What Are Potential Ethical Issues in Experimental Research?
What Are the Steps in Conducting Experimental Research?
Step 1. Decide If an Experiment Addresses Your Research Problem
Step 2. Form Hypotheses to Test Cause-and-Effect Relationships
Step 3. Select an Experimental Unit and Identify Study Participants
Step 4. Select an Experimental Treatment and Introduce It
Step 5. Choose a Type of Experimental Design
Step 6. Conduct the Experiment
Step 7. Organize and Analyze the Data
Step 8. Develop an Experimental Research Report
How Do You Evaluate Experimental Research?
Key Ideas in the Chapter
A Definition of Experimental Research, When to Use It, and How It Developed
Key Characteristics of Experimental Research
Types of Experimental Designs
Ethical Issues in Experimental Research
Steps in Conducting an Experiment
Evaluating an Experiment
Additional Resources You Might Examine
Examples of Studies That Use an Experimental Design
Effects of Classroom Structure on Student Achievement Goal Orientation
Method
Participants
Materials
Design
Procedure
Results
Discussion
References
11 Correlational Designs
What is Correlational Research, When do you use it, and how did it Develop?
When Do You Use Correlational Research?
How Did Correlational Research Develop?
What are the Types of Correlational Designs?
The Explanatory Design
The Prediction Design
What are the Key Characteristics of Correlational Designs?
Associations between Scores
What Is the Direction of the Association?
What Is the Form of the Association?
Linear Relationship
Uncorrelated and Nonlinear Relationships
What Are the Degree and Strength of Association?
Cautions When Interpreting Correlations
Displays of Scores
Scatter Plots
A Correlation Matrix
Multiple Variable Analysis
Partial Correlations
Multiple Regression
Meta-Analysis
Using Advanced Correlational Statistical Procedures
Factor Analysis
Discriminant Functional Analysis
Intraclass Correlation
Path Analysis
Structural Equation Modeling
Hierarchical Linear Modeling
Potential Ethical Issues in Conducting Correlational Research
What are the Steps in Conducting a Correlational Study?
Step 1. Determine If a Correlational Study Best Addresses the Research Problem
Step 2. Identify Individuals to Study
Step 3. Identify Two or More Measures for Each Individual in the Study
Step 4. Collect Data and Monitor Potential Threats
Step 5. Analyze the Data and Represent the Results
Step 6. Interpret the Results
How do You Evaluate a Correlational Study?
Key Ideas in the Chapter
The Definition, Use, and Development of Correlational Research
Types of Correlational Designs
Key Characteristics of Correlational Designs
Ethical Issues in Conducting Correlational Research
Steps in Conducting a Correlational Study
Criteria for Evaluating a Correlational Study
Additional Resources You Might Examine
The Influence of Parental Attachment on the College Adjustment of White, Black, and Latina/Hispanic Women: A Cross-Cultural Investigation
Method
Procedure
Participants
Measures
Results
Correlational Analyses
MANOVA Analysis
Regression Analyses
Discussion
Hypotheses
Correlational Analyses
Regression Analyses
Independent and Interdependent Views of Student Persistence and Retention
Summary
Implications for Counseling, Programming, and Policy
Limitations and Future Directions
References
12 Survey Designs
What is Survey Research, When do you use it, and how did it Develop?
When Do You Use Survey Research?
How Did Survey Research Develop?
What are the Types of Survey Designs?
Cross-Sectional Survey Designs
Longitudinal Survey Designs
Trend Studies
Cohort Studies
Panel Studies
What are the Key Characteristics of Survey Research?
Sampling from a Population
Questionnaires and Interviews
Mailed Questionnaires
Online Surveys or Questionnaires
One-on-One Interviews
Focus Group Interviews
Telephone Interviews
Instrument Design
Personal, Attitudinal, and Behavioral Questions
Sensitive Questions
Open- and Closed-Ended Questions
Question Construction
Pilot Testing the Questions
Response Rate
Response Rates for Online Questionnaires
Response Bias
Response Set
How do You Construct and Analyze an Online or Mailed Questionnaire?
The Cover Letter
Overall Questionnaire Construction
Data Analysis of a Research Questionnaire
How do you Design and Conduct an Interview Survey?
Stance of the Interviewer
Training of Interviewers
Steps in Interviewing
A Telephone Interview Guide
Unique Considerations of Telephone Interviews
What are Potential Ethical Issues in Survey Research?
What are the Steps in Conducting Survey Research?
Step 1. Decide If a Survey Is the Best Design to Use
Step 2. Identify the Research Questions or Hypotheses
Step 3. Identify the Population, the Sampling Frame, and the Sample
Step 4. Determine the Survey Design and Data Collection Procedures
Step 5. Develop or Locate an Instrument
Step 6. Administer the Instrument
Step 7. Analyze the Data to Address the Research Questions or Hypotheses
Step 8. Write the Report
How do You Evaluate Survey Research?
Key Ideas in the Chapter
Defining Survey Research, When to Use It, and How It Developed
Types of Survey Designs
Key Characteristics of Survey Research
Constructing and Using an Online or Mailed Questionnaire
Designing and Conducting an Interview Survey
Potential Ethical Issues in Survey Research
Steps in Conducting Survey Research
Criteria for Evaluating Survey Research
Additional Resources You Might Examine
References
Appendix
Student Questionnaire
13 Grounded Theory Designs
What is Grounded Theory Research, When should you use it, and How did it Develop?
When Do You Use Grounded Theory?
How Did Grounded Theory Develop?
Types of Grounded Theory Designs
The Systematic Design
The Emerging Design
The Constructivist Design
Choosing among the Designs
The Key Characteristics of Grounded Theory Research
A Process Approach
Theoretical Sampling
Constant Comparative Data Analysis
A Core Category
Theory Generation
Memos
Potential Ethical Issues in Grounded Theory Research
What are the Steps in Conducting Grounded Theory Research?
Step 1. Decide If a Grounded Theory Design Best Addresses the Research Problem
Step 2. Identify a Process to Study
Step 3. Seek Approval and Access
Step 4. Conduct Theoretical Sampling
Step 5. Code the Data
Step 6. Use Selective Coding and Develop the Theory
Step 7. Validate Your Theory
Step 8. Write a Grounded Theory Research Report
How do You Evaluate Grounded Theory Research?
Key Ideas in the Chapter
What Grounded Theory Is, When to Use It, and How It Developed
Three Types of Grounded Theory Designs
Key Characteristics of Grounded Theory Research
Potential Ethical Issues in Grounded Theory Research
Steps in Conducting a Grounded Theory Study
Evaluating the Quality of a Grounded Theory Study
Additional Resources You Might Examine
References
14 Ethnographic Designs
What is Ethnographic Research, When Should You Use It, and How Did It Develop?
When Do You Conduct an Ethnography?
How Did Ethnographic Research Develop?
What are The Types of Ethnographic Designs?
Realist Ethnographies
Case Studies
Critical Ethnographies
What are The Key Characteristics of Ethnographic Research?
Cultural Themes
A Culture-Sharing Group
Shared Patterns of Behavior, Belief, and Language
Fieldwork
Description, Themes, and Interpretation
Context or Setting
Researcher Reflexivity
Ethical Issues in Conducting Ethnographic Research
What are The Steps in Conducting an Ethnography?
Step 1. Identify Intent and the Type of Design and Relate Intent to Your Research Problem
Step 2. Discuss Approval and Access Considerations
Step 3. Use Appropriate Data Collection Procedures
Step 4. Analyze and Interpret Data within a Design
Step 5. Write the Report Consistent with Your Design
How Do You Evaluate an Ethnography?
Key Ideas in The Chapter
Defining Ethnographic Research, Its Use, and Its Development
Three Types of Ethnographic Designs
Potential Ethical Issues in Ethnographic Research
Steps in Conducting an Ethnography
Criteria for Evaluating an Ethnography Study
Useful Information for Producers of Research
Useful Information for Consumers of Research
Additional Resources You Might Examine
References
15 Narrative Research Designs
What is Narrative Research, When Do You Use It, and How Did It Develop?
When Do You Use Narrative Research?
How Did Narrative Research Develop?
What are The Types of Narrative Designs?
Who Writes or Records the Story?
How Much of a Life Is Recorded and Presented?
Who Provides the Story?
Is a Theoretical Lens Being Used?
Can Narrative Forms Be Combined?
What are The Key Characteristics of Narrative Designs?
Individual Experiences
Chronology of the Experiences
Collecting Individual Stories
Restorying
Coding for Themes
Context or Setting
Collaborating with Participants
What are Some Potential Ethical Issues in Gathering Stories?
What are The Steps in Conducting Narrative Research?
Step 1. Identify a Phenomenon to Explore That Addresses an Educational Problem
Step 2. Purposefully Select an Individual from Whom You Can Learn about the Phenomenon
Step 3. Collect the Story from that Individual
Step 4. Restory or Retell the Individual’s Story
Step 5. Collaborate with the Participant–Storyteller
Step 6. Write a Story about the Participant’s Experiences
Step 7. Validate the Accuracy of the Report
How Do You Evaluate Narrative Research?
Key Ideas in The Chapter
What Is Narrative Research, When Is It Used, and How Did It Develop?
The Types of Narrative Designs
The Key Characteristics of Narrative Designs
Potential Ethical Issues in Gathering Stories
Steps in Conducting a Narrative Study
Evaluating a Narrative Study
Additional Resources You Might Examine
References
Author Note
16 Mixed Methods Designs
What is Mixed Methods Research, When is it Used, and how did it Develop?
When Do You Conduct a Mixed Methods Study?
How Did Mixed Methods Research Develop?
Mixing Forms of Quantitative Data
Combining Quantitative and Qualitative Data
Questioning the Integration of Worldviews and Methods
Developing Procedures for Mixed Methods Studies
Advocating for a Distinct Design
Reflective Period
What are the Types of Mixed Methods Designs?
The Convergent Design
The Explanatory Sequential Design
The Exploratory Sequential Design
The Experimental Design
The Social Justice Design
Multistage Evaluation Design
What are the key Characteristics of Mixed Methods Designs?
Collect and Analyze Quantitative and Qualitative Data
Use Rigorous Methods
Integration (Combining the Databases)
Use a Specific Mixed Methods Design
Frame the Study within Theory and Philosophy
Give Priority to Either Quantitative or Qualitative Research or Both
Sequence the Quantitative and Qualitative Methods
Diagram the Procedures
What are some Potential Ethical issues in Mixed Methods Research?
What are the steps in Conducting a Mixed Methods Study?
Step 1. Determine If a Mixed Methods Study Is Feasible
Step 2. Identify a Rationale for Mixing Methods
Step 3. Identify a Data Collection Strategy
Step 4. Develop Quantitative, Qualitative, and Mixed Methods Questions
Step 5. Collect Quantitative and Qualitative Data
Step 6. Analyze Data Separately, Concurrently, or Both
Step 7. Write the Report as a One- or Two-Phase Study or a Multiple-Stage Study
How do you Evaluate a Mixed Methods Study?
Key Ideas in The Chapter
Mixed Method Research, Its Use, and Its Development
Types of Mixed Methods Designs
Key Characteristics of Mixed Methods Research
Potential Ethical Issues in Mixed Methods Research
Steps Used in Conducting Mixed Methods Research
Evaluating a Mixed Methods Study
Additional Resources You Might Examine
Reference
17 Action Research Designs
What is Action Research, When Do You Use It, and How Did It Develop?
When Do You Use Action Research?
How Did Action Research Develop?
What are the Types of Action Research Designs?
Practical Action Research
Participatory Action Research
What are the Key Characteristics of Action Research?
A Practical Focus
The Educator–Researcher’s Own Practices
Collaboration
A Dynamic Process
A Plan of Action
Sharing Research
What are some Potential Ethical Issues in Action Research?
What are the Steps in Conducting an Action Research Study?
Step 1. Determine If Action Research Is the Best Design to Use
Step 2. Identify a Problem to Study
Step 3. Locate Resources to Help Address the Problem
Step 4. Identify Information You Will Need
Step 5. Implement the Data Collection
Step 6. Analyze the Data
Step 7. Develop a Plan for Action
Step 8. Implement the Plan and Reflect
How do you Evaluate an Action Research Study?
Key Ideas in The Chapter
Definition of Action Research, Its Use, and Its Development
Types of Action Research Designs
Key Characteristics of Action Research
Potential Ethical Issues in Action Research
Steps in Conducting an Action Research Study
Evaluating an Action Research Study
Additional Resources You Might Examine
A plan for action
References
Appendix A Determine Size Using Sample Size Tables
Sampling Error Formula
Power Analysis Formula
Appendix B Commonly Used Statistics in Educational Research
Appendix C Nonnormal Distribution
Appendix D Strategies for Defending a Research Proposal
Prior To The Meeting
During The Meeting
After The Meeting
Glossary
References
Author Index
Subject Index
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