Description
Criminology: A Sociological Understanding 7th Edition by Steven E. Barkan, ISBN-13: 978-0134548609
[PDF eBook eTextbook] – Available Instantly
- Publisher: Pearson; 7th edition (January 12, 2017)
- Language: English
- 448 pages
- ISBN-10: 0134548604
- ISBN-13: 978-0134548609
A unique sociological introduction to the field of criminology with award-winning coverage that highlights issues of race, ethnicity, gender, and social class Criminology: A Sociological Understanding, 7th Edition, provides a sociological perspective on crime and criminal justice by treating social structure and social inequality as central themes in the study of crime–and major factors in society’s treatment of criminals. It pays explicit attention to key sociological concepts such as poverty, gender, race, and ethnicity, and demonstrates their influence on crime. Moving beyond simple “get tough” approaches, the book emphasizes the need to understand social causes of criminal behavior in order to significantly reduce it. The 7th Edition continues to include chapters that remain uncommon in other criminology texts, and addresses two central themes in the sociological understanding of crime and criminal justice: (1) the degree to which race and ethnicity, gender, and social class affect the operation of the criminal justice system; and (2) the extent to which reliance on the criminal justice system can reduce the amount of crime. Throughout the text, pedagogical features give students the tools to master key concepts faster and more effectively while making class preparation quick and easy for instructors.
Table of Contents:
Dedication
Brief Contents
Contents
New to this Edition
Preface
Instructor Supplements
Pearson Online Course Solutions
Alternate Versions
About the Author
Timeline of Major Criminological Theories
Part 1 Understanding Crime and Victimization
1 Criminology and the Sociological Perspective
Learning Objectives
Chapter Outline
The Sociological Perspective
Review and Discuss
The Mutual Relevance of Sociology and Criminology
Intersectionality
Review and Discuss
The Rise of Sociological Criminology
Crime, Deviance, and Criminal Law
Consensus and Conflict in the Creation of Criminal Law
Goals of Criminal Law
An Overview of Criminal Law
Legal Distinctions in Types of Crime
Criminal Intent
Legal Defenses to Criminal Liability
Accident or Mistake
Ignorance
Duress
Self-Defense
Entrapment
Insanity
Review and Discuss
Research Methods in Criminology
Surveys
Review and Discuss
Experiments
Qualitative Research: Observing and Intensive Interviewing
Research Using Existing Data
Comparative and Historical Research
Conclusion
Summary
Key Terms
What Would You Do?
2 Public Opinion, the News Media, and the Crime Problem
Learning Objectives
Chapter Outline
A Brief Look Back
Public Opinion and Crime Policy
Review and Discuss
News Media Coverage of Crime and Criminal Justice
Overdramatization of Crime
Crime Waves
Overreporting of Crime (Violent)
Review and Discuss
Crime Myths
Racial and Ethnic Minorities
Youths
Virtuous Victims
Review and Discuss
Other Problems in Media Coverage
Effects of Media Coverage
Public Ignorance
Public Fear and Concern
Obscuring Underlying Forces
Diversion from White-Collar Crime
Racial and Ethnic Stereotyping
Review and Discuss
Research on Public Beliefs about Crime and Criminal Justice
Fear of Crime
Structural Factors
Individual Characteristics
Consequences of Fear
Review and Discuss
Seriousness of Crime
Punitiveness
The Death Penalty
Review and Discuss
Views about the Police
Perceptions of Criminal Injustice
Views about Criminal Justice Spending
A Final Word on Public Beliefs
Conclusion
Summary
Key Terms
What Would You Do?
3 The Measurement and Patterning of Criminal Behavior
Learning Objectives
Chapter Outline
Measuring Crime
Uniform Crime Reports
How a Crime Becomes Official
Critique of UCR Data
Underestimation of the Amount of Crime
Diversion of Attention from White-Collar Crime
Misleading Data on the Characteristics of Arrestees
Citizens’ Reporting of Crime
Police Recording Practices and Scandals
Different Definitions of Crimes
School Reporting Practices
NIBRS and Calls to the Police
National Crime Victimization Survey
Evaluating NCVS Data
Self-Report Studies
Critique of Self-Report Studies
Evaluating UCR, NCVS, and Self-Report Data
Review and Discuss
Recent Trends in US Crime Rates
Patterning of Criminal Behavior
Geographical Patterns
International Comparisons
Review and Discuss
Comparisons Within the United States
Seasonal and Climatological Variations
Social Patterns of Criminal Behavior
Gender and Crime
Explaining Women’s Low Crime Rates
Are Girls and Women Becoming More Violent?
Review and Discuss
Race, Ethnicity, and Crime
Explaining African American Crime Rates
Latinos and Other Groups
Immigrants
Review and Discuss
Social Class and Crime
Review and Discuss
Age and Crime
Explaining the Age–Crime Relationship
Gender, Race, and Age Combined
Chronic Offenders and Criminal Careers
Conclusion
Summary
Key Terms
What Would You Do?
4 Victims and Victimization
Learning Objectives
Chapter Outline
Defining Victims and Studying Victimization
Review and Discuss
The Patterning of Victimization
Geographical Patterns
Social Patterns
Gender, Race, and Ethnicity
Family Income
Age
Race, Gender, and Age Combined
Review and Discuss
Victim–Offender Relationship
Strangers Versus Nonstrangers
Intimate-Partner Violence
Perceived Race, Gender, and Age of Offenders
Review and Discuss
Crime Characteristics
Use of Alcohol and Other Drugs
Time and Place of Occurrence
Use of Weapons
Victim Self-Protection and Resistance
Explaining Victimization
Lifestyle and Routine Activities Theories
Deviant Lifestyles and Victimization
Review and Discuss
Physical Proximity and Victimization
Review and Discuss
Individual Traits
Low Self-Control and Lack of Social Relationships
Childhood Problems
Mental Disorder
Puberty
Repeat Victimization
Explaining Sociodemographic Variation in Victimization
Review and Discuss
Victimization of College Students and the Homeless
College Students
The Homeless
Costs and Consequences of Victimization
Economic and Medical Costs and Consequences
Psychological Consequences
Social and Behavioral Consequences
Review and Discuss
Victims in the Criminal Justice System
Victims and Criminal Case Outcomes
Victimization by White-Collar Crime
Conclusion
Summary
Key Terms
What Would You Do?
Part 2 Explaining Crime
5 Classical and Neoclassical Perspectives
Learning Objectives
Chapter Outline
Understanding Theories of Crime
From Theology to Science
God and Demons as Causes of Crime and Deviance
The Age of Reason
The Classical School of Criminology
Review and Discuss
The Rise of Positivism
Neoclassical Perspectives
Rational Choice Theory
Evaluating Rational Choice Theory
Deterrence Theory
Types of Deterrence
Taking a Closer Look at Deterrence
Research on Deterrence
Routine Activities Theory
Evaluating Routine Activities Theory
Theory and Policy
Conclusion
Summary
Key Terms
What Would You Do?
6 Biological and Psychological Explanations
Learning Objectives
Chapter Outline
Biological Explanations
Nineteenth-Century Views
Phrenology
Cesare Lombroso: Atavism
Lombroso on Women
Early Twentieth-Century Views
Earnest Hooton: Biological Inferiority
William Sheldon: Body Shapes
Contemporary Explanations
Family, Heredity, and Genes
Early Research
Twin Studies
Adoption Studies
Molecular Genetics
Evolutionary Biology
Chromosomal Abnormalities
Brain Abnormalities
Neurochemical Factors
Hormones: Testosterone and Male Criminality
Hormones: PMS and Crime by Women
Neurotransmitters
Nutrition and Diet
Pregnancy and Birth Complications
Early Puberty
Evaluation of Biological Explanations
Review and Discuss
Psychological Explanations
Psychoanalytic Explanations
Moral Development and Crime
Intelligence and Crime
Race, IQ, and Crime
Review and Discuss
Personality and Crime
Evaluation of Psychological Explanations
Abnormality or Normality?
Theory and Policy
Review and Discuss
Conclusion
Summary
Key Terms
What Would You Do?
7 Sociological Theories: Emphasis on Social Structure
Learning Objectives
Chapter Outline
The Legacy of Durkheim
Review and Discuss
Social Disorganization and Social Ecology
Clifford R. Shaw and Henry D. Mckay
Critiques of Social Disorganization Theory
The Revival of Social Disorganization Theory
Other Ecological Work
Extreme Poverty and Crime
Kinds of Places Versus Kinds of People
Review and Discuss
Anomie and Strain Theory
Evaluation of Anomie Theory
Defense and Extension of Anomie Theory
General Strain Theory
Review and Discuss
Subcultural Theories
Albert K. Cohen: School Failure and Delinquent Subcultures
Evaluation of Cohen’s Status Frustration Theory
Walter B. Miller: Focal Concerns
Evaluation of Miller’s View
Richard Cloward and Lloyd Ohlin: Differential Opportunity Theory
Evaluation of Differential Opportunity Theory
Marvin Wolfgang and Franco Ferracuti: The Subculture of Violence
Evaluation of the Subculture of Violence Theory
Elijah Anderson: The Code of the Street
Prospects for Subcultural Explanations
Review and Discuss
Structural Theories and Gender
Review and Discuss
Theory and Policy
Conclusion
Summary
Key Terms
What Would You Do?
8 Sociological Theories: Emphasis on Social Process
Learning Objectives
Chapter Outline
Learning Theories
Edwin H. Sutherland: Differential Association Theory
Evaluation of Differential Association Theory
Review and Discuss
Other Learning Theories
Daniel Glaser: Differential Identification Theory
Albert Bandura: Social Learning Theory
Robert L. Burgess and Ronald L. Akers: Differential Reinforcement Theory
Evaluation of Learning Theories
Control Theories
Walter Reckless: Containment Theory
Evaluation of Containment Theory
Gresham M. Sykes and David Matza: Neutralization and Drift Theory
Evaluation of Neutralization and Drift Theory
Review and Discuss
Travis Hirschi: Social Bonding Theory
Social Bonding Theory and the Context of Delinquency
The Family
Review and Discuss
Schools
Religion
Evaluation of Social Bonding Theory
Review and Discuss
Michael Gottfredson and Travis Hirschi: Self-Control Theory
Evaluation of Self-Control Theory
Review and Discuss
Charles R. Tittle: Control Balance Theory
Mark Colvin and Francis T. Cullen: Coercive Control and Social Support Theory
Life-Course Theories
Specific Life-Course Theories
Delbert S. Elliott: Integrated Strain-Control Theory
Terence P. Thornberry: Interactional Theory
Terrie E. Moffitt: Life-Course-Persistent/Adolescence-Limited Theory
Robert J. Sampson and John H. Laub: Age-Graded Theory
The Promise and Problem of Theoretical Integration
Review and Discuss
Theory and Policy
Conclusion
Summary
Key Terms
What Would You Do?
9 Sociological Theories: Critical Perspectives
Learning Objectives
Chapter Outline
Labeling Theory
The Relativist Definition of Crime and Deviance
The Imposition of the Deviant Label
Review and Discuss
The Negative Consequences of Labeling
Review and Discuss
Evaluation of Labeling Theory
Restorative Justice
Review and Discuss
Conflict and Radical Theories
Consensus and Conflict Perspectives in Sociology
Conflict Perspectives in Criminology
Evaluation of Conflict Theory
Radical Theories in Criminology
Marx and Engels on Crime and Law
Willem Bonger: Capitalism, Egoism, and Crime
Review and Discuss
Jerome Hall: The Law of Theft
William Chambliss: The Law of Vagrancy
Contemporary Radical Views on Crime and Law
A Common Agenda
Evaluation of Radical Criminology
Left Realism and Peacemaking Criminology
Review and Discuss
Feminist Theories
An Overview of Feminist Perspectives in Criminology
The Scope of Feminist Theory and Research
The Victimization of Women
Gender Differences in Crime
Masculinity and Crime
Review and Discuss
Explanations of Women’s Criminality
Doing Gender
Power-Control Theory
Women in the Criminal Justice System
Review and Discuss
A Final Word on Feminism
Theory and Policy
Conclusion
Summary
Key Terms
What Would You Do?
Part 3 Criminal Behaviors
10 Violent Crime: Homicide, Assault, and Robbery
Learning Objectives
Chapter Outline
Homicide and Assault
Defining Homicide and Assault
Patterning and Social Dynamics of Homicide
Race, Ethnicity, Gender, and Age of Offenders and Victims
Geographic Patterns
The South
International Comparisons
The Victim–Offender Relationship
Type of Weapon
Circumstances Leading to Homicides
Review and Discuss
Trends in US Homicide Rates
Aggravated Assault
Explaining Homicide and Aggravated Assault
Why Does the United States Have a Higher Homicide Rate Than Other Industrial Nations?
Review and Discuss
Why Are US Homicides and Aggravated Assaults More Common in Urban Areas Than Elsewhere?
Why Do Men Commit Almost All Homicides and Aggravated Assaults?
Review and Discuss
Why Do African Americans and Other People of Color Have High Rates of Homicide and Aggravated Assault?
Violence by Women
Review and Discuss
Robbery
Defining Robbery
Extent and Patterning of Robbery
Types of Robbers
Explaining Robbery
Review and Discuss
Special Topics in Violent Crime
Mass Murder and Serial Killing
Mass Murder
Serial Killing
Review and Discuss
Workplace Violence
The Extent and Nature of Workplace Violence
Hate Crime
Child Abuse and Elder Abuse
Child Abuse
Explaining Child Abuse
Elder Abuse
Mass Media and Violence
Review and Discuss
Firearms, Crime, and Violence
Review and Discuss
Reducing Violent Crime
What History Tells Us
Conclusion
Summary
Key Terms
What Would You Do?
11 Violence Against Women
Learning Objectives
Chapter Outline
Overview: The Gendered Nature of Violent Crime
An International Problem
Defining Rape and Sexual Assault and Intimate-Partner Violence
Extent of Violence Against Women
Rape and Sexual Assault
Review and Discuss
Intimate Rape and Sexual Assault
Review and Discuss
Intimate-Partner Violence (IPV)
Social Patterning of Violence Against Women
Age
Social Class
Race and Ethnicity
Review and Discuss
Explaining Violence Against Women
Gender and Economic Inequality
Cultural Myths Supporting Violence Against Women
Rape Myths
IPV Myths
Review and Discuss
Other Factors and Perspectives
Battered Men: Fact or Fiction?
Stalking
Reducing Violence Against Women
Arresting Batterers: Deterrence or Escalation?
Review and Discuss
Conclusion
Summary
Key Terms
What Would You Do?
12 Property Crime and Fraud
Learning Objectives
Chapter Outline
Defining Property Crime
Extent of Property Crime
Patterning of Property Crime
Social Organization of Property Crime
Review and Discuss
Burglary
Tipsters and Fences
Decision Making in Burglary
Property-Crime Victimization: Costs and Circumstances
Explaining Property Crime
Cultural Emphasis on Economic Success
Techniques of Neutralization
Fencing
Review and Discuss
Unemployment
Routine Activities and Social Process Factors
Property Crime for Thrills
A Look at Shoplifting
Reducing Property Crime
The Criminal Justice System
Situational Crime Prevention
Target Hardening
Community Prevention
Review and Discuss
Fraud
Identity Theft
Tax Fraud
Insurance Fraud
Review and Discuss
Cybercrime
The Cost of Fraud
Conclusion
Summary
Key Terms
What Would You Do?
13 White-Collar and Organized Crime
Learning Objectives
Chapter Outline
White-Collar Crime
Edwin Sutherland and White-Collar Crime
Defining White-Collar Crime
Contemporary Views
Review and Discuss
Occupational Crime: Lawbreaking for Personal Gain
Employee Theft: Pilferage and Embezzlement
Pilferage
Embezzlement
Professional Fraud: Focus on Health Care
Review and Discuss
Unnecessary Surgery
Financial Fraud
Police and Political Corruption: Violations of Public Trust
Organizational Criminality and Corporate Crime
Corporate Financial Crime
Corporate Fraud, Cheating, and Corruption
Price-Fixing and Restraint of Trade
False Advertising
Corporate Violence: Threats to Health and Safety
Workers and Unsafe Workplaces
Estimates of the Problem
Examples of the Problem
Consumers and Unsafe Products
The Automobile Industry
The Pharmaceutical Industry
The Food Industry
The Public and Environmental Pollution
Review and Discuss
Economic and Human Costs of White-Collar Crime
Explaining White-Collar Crime
Similarities with Street Crime
Differences from Street Crime
Cultural and Social Bases for White-Collar Crime
Lenient Treatment
Weak or Absent Regulations
Difficulty of Proving Corporate Crime
Weak Punishment
Lack of News Media Coverage
Race/Ethnicity and Social Class
Review and Discuss
Reducing White-Collar Crime
Organized Crime
History of Organized Crime
Alien Conspiracy Model and Myth
Controlling Organized Crime
Review and Discuss
Conclusion
Summary
Key Terms
What Would You Do?
14 Political Crime
Learning Objectives
Chapter Outline
Defining Political Crime
Major Categories of Political Crime
Crime by Government
Political Repression and Human Rights Violations
Genocide
Review and Discuss
Torture, Assassination, and Related Violence
Government Violence in the United States
Surveillance, Infiltration, and Disruption
Review and Discuss
Legal Repression
Unethical or Illegal Experimentation
State–Corporate Crime
Political Corruption
Personal Economic Gain
Political Power and Influence
Crime against Government
Mass Political Violence: Rebellion, Riots, Terrorism
Terrorism
Review and Discuss
Political Assassination
Civil Disobedience
History of Civil Disobedience
Review and Discuss
Espionage and Treason
Explaining and Reducing Political Crime
The Social Patterning of Political Crime
Reducing Political Crime
Countering Terrorism
Conclusion
Summary
Key Terms
What Would You Do?
Part 4 Controlling and Preventing Crime
15 Consensual Crime
Learning Objectives
Chapter Outline
Overview of the Consensual Crime Debate
Illegal Drug Use
Drug Use in History
Contemporary US Drug Use
Prevalence of Legal Drug Use
Prevalence of Illegal Drug Use
A Drug Crisis?
Review and Discuss
Explaining Illegal Drug Use
Gender and Illegal Drug Use
The Drugs–Crime Connection
Review and Discuss
The Legalization Debate
The Philosophical Argument
Review and Discuss
The Social Science Argument
Argument Against Legalization
Rebuttal by Legalization Proponents
Review and Discuss
Harm Reduction and Drug Courts
Sexual Offenses: Prostitution and Pornography
Prostitution
Explaining Prostitution
The Legalization Debate
The Sex Trafficking Controversy
Pornography
Defining and Debating Pornography
Pornography and Rape
Review and Discuss
Gambling
The Growth of Gambling
The Gambling Debate
Review and Discuss
Reducing Consensual Crime
Conclusion
Summary
Key Terms
What Would You Do?
16 Policing: Dilemmas of Crime Control in a Democratic Society
Learning Objectives
Chapter Outline
Crime Control in a Democratic Society
The Ideal of Blind Justice
A Preview of the Discussion
Development of the Modern Police Force
Review and Discuss
Working Personality and Police Behavior
Review and Discuss
Police Misconduct: Brutality
Measuring Excessive Force
Surveys
Direct Observation
Explaining Excessive Force
Racism and Police Brutality
Racism and Police Use of Deadly Force
Review and Discuss
Police Violence Against Women
Police Misconduct: Corruption
Police Scandals
Review and Discuss
Police Discretion: To Arrest or Not to Arrest?
Race, Ethnicity, and Arrest
A Review of the Evidence
Race, Arrest, and the War on Drugs
Ecological Evidence for Racial Discrimination in Policing
Review and Discuss
Gender and Arrest
Impact of Policing on Crime
Do Additional Police Deter Crime?
How Police Are Used
Crackdowns
Zero-Tolerance Policing
Review and Discuss
Does Arrest Make a Difference?
Community Policing
Legal Technicalities and Police Effectiveness
Impact of Policing on Crime Revisited
Women and People of Color in Police Forces
Conclusion
Summary
Key Terms
What Would You Do?
17 Prosecution and Punishment
Learning Objectives
Chapter Outline
Criminal Courts and the Adversary System
Normal Crimes and the Fate of Poor Defendants
Prosecutors, the Courtroom Work Group, and Plea Bargaining
Review and Discuss
Punishment, Social Structure, and Inequality
Economic Conditions and Punishment
Research on Unemployment and Imprisonment
Research on the Postbellum South
Social Class and Legal Outcomes
Community Context of Social Class and Sentencing
Review and Discuss
Impact of Race and Ethnicity
Prosecutorial Decisions
Conviction and Sentencing
The Drug War Revisited
Review and Discuss
Gender and Sentencing
Impact of Punishment on Crime
Evidence against a Deterrent Effect
Evidence against an Incapacitation Effect
Review and Discuss
The Death Penalty Debate
Cost of the Death Penalty
General Deterrence and the Death Penalty
Arbitrariness and Racial Discrimination in the Application of the Death Penalty
Continuing Arbitrariness
Racial Discrimination
Quality of Legal Representation of Capital Defendants
Wrongful Executions
Review and Discuss
Conclusion
Summary
Key Terms
What Would You Do?
18 Conclusion: How Can We Reduce Crime?
Learning Objectives
Chapter Outline
The Criminal Justice System Funnel
Review and Discuss
A Sociological Prescription for Crime Reduction
Social, Cultural, and Community Crime Prevention (Primary Prevention)
Review and Discuss
Developmental Crime Prevention (Secondary Prevention)
Review and Discuss
Criminal Justice Approaches (Tertiary Prevention)
Review and Discuss
Conclusion
Summary
Key Terms
What Would You Do?
Glossary
References
Name Index
Steven E. Barkan is professor of sociology at the University of Maine, where he has taught since 1979. His teaching and research interests include criminology, sociology of law, and social movements. He was the 2008–2009 president of the Society for the Study of Social Problems and had previously served as a member of the SSSP Board of Directors, as chair of its Law and Society Division and Editorial and Publications Committee, and as an advisory editor of its journal, Social Problems. He also previously served as a member of the council of the Sociology of Law Section of the American Sociological Association and served on its student paper award committee as well as that of the ASA Crime, Law, and Deviance Section. He currently serves on the council of Alpha Kappa Delta, the sociology honor society, and is President of the Text and Academic Authors Association.
Professor Barkan has written many journal articles dealing with topics such as racial prejudice and death-penalty attitudes, views on police brutality, political trials, and feminist activism. These articles have appeared in the American Sociological Review, Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, Journal of Crime and Justice, Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, Justice Quarterly, Social Forces, Social Problems, Sociological Forum, Sociological Inquiry, Sociological Perspectives, and other journals.
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